Imaging Technology Under Evaluation for the Diagnosis of Cancerous Breast Tissue

This new technology should be able to reveal structures that cannot be seen using conventional mammography.

Conventional procedures only determine the extent to which X-rays are attenuated by various tissue structures. In contrast to this, the new method also makes use of the fact that X-rays actually consist of waves, and that their properties change slightly as they travel through tissue. These changes are now measurable and can contribute to the creation of a more meaningful image of the object under investigation. Scientists from the research department at Philips Healthcare (Best, The Netherlands) are currently investigating the use of this process as the basis for application in medical practice, and in mammography in particular. The researchers have reported on their findings August 2011 in the online edition of the Investigative Radiology journal.

The goal of any mammography investigation is to detect tumors in the female breast as early as possible, so that treatment can start in good time. A good mammography procedure is therefore expected to recognize as many tissue changes as possible and to differentiate tumor tissue clearly from any other tissue. At the same time, the radiation dose administered during the investigation must be kept as low as possible.

Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute have developed a procedure that should provide these benefits. Working with doctors from the Kantonsspital Baden (KSB), they have now succeeded for the first time in generating images of tissue that originated from breast surgery but had not been preserved. This approach produces an extremely close approximation to the situation in which an actual investigation is carried out on human beings. “For example, we could use this new process to distinguish scars from tumor tissue and identify extremely small cancer nodules, of a size never yet identified by current investigation techniques,” said Dr. Nik Hauser, director of the certified breast center at the Kantonsspital, who led the project on the medical side.

A clinical study is currently underway, and should confirm the benefits of the new method using a larger group of patients. Specifically, physicians who did not take part in the development of the method are required to make an independent assessment of the advantages of the new images in comparison with those obtained from conventional X-rays.

In this new procedure, X-rays pass through the breast in exactly the same way as in traditional mammography. However, a normal X-ray image can only determine how much of the beam has been retained by the tissue--basically, an X-ray image just shows the shadow cast by the object under investigation. However, X-rays also undergo another subtle change as they travel through an object. Physically, X-rays are electromagnetic waves and, as they pass through various tissue structures, the direction of the waves undergoes slight changes--a similar effect to that shown by water waves hitting a pier in a harbor.

“We at the Paul Scherrer Institute have spent years developing methods for investigating these changes and interpreting the information they contain, so that we can create the basis for new investigative methods to be used in medical and materials research,” explained Marco Stampanoni, a professor at the Institute for Biomedical Engineering at the University and ETH Zurich (Switzerland) and director of this project at PSI. One particular feature of the phase-contrast method used in this process is the three extremely fine gratings through which the X-rays have to pass--one in front of the object under investigation and the other two located behind it. The various components of the light waves interact with each other here in such a way as to provide the required information. The X-rays are generated in a tube that is essentially the same as an X-ray tube used in typical, everyday clinical practice.

The long-term goal of this project is to develop an innovative piece of equipment that can be used for regular routine breast examinations in clinical practice, and deliver improved images of breast tissue--at a considerably lower cost than techniques such as computer tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Philips Healthcare has been brought into the project as an experienced partner in the field of healthcare. “The potential of this method is defined on the one hand by the innovative nature of the measured information, but on the other hand is also characterized by the use of conventional technologies that are widely applied in medical technology to generate and detect X-rays. Our declared goal is to use the example of mammography on human beings to conclusively demonstrate the clinical benefits,” explained Ewald Rössl, project manager for this research work at Philips.

This study used tissue obtained from individuals who had just undergone surgery.

Related Links:
Paul Scherrer Institute
Kantonsspital Baden
Philips Healthcare