New Technology Doubles Effectiveness of Radiotherapy

Georgia Health Sciences University (GHSU; Augusta, USA) scientists have formulated a way to reduce lung cancer cells’ ability to repair the lethal double-strand DNA breaks caused by radiation therapy. “Radiation is a great therapy--the problem is the side effects,” said Dr. William S. Dynan, biochemist and associate director of research and chief, nanomedicine and gene regulation at the GHSU Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics. “We think this is a way to get the same amount of cancer cell death with less radiation or use the same amount and maybe cure a patient that could not be cured before.”

Radiation therapy exploits radiation’s ability to kill cells by causing double-strand breaks in DNA. However, because varying levels of radiation are basically everywhere (i.e., food, air, and the ground) means all cells, including cancer cells, have internal mechanisms to inhibit the lethal breakage.

GHSU scientists are targeting the natural defense mechanisms by packaging a piece of an antibody against one of them with folate, which has easy access to most cells, particularly cancer cells. Many cancers, including the lung cancer cells they examined, have large numbers of folate receptors so that cancer cells get an unequal portion of the cargo.

Earlier efforts to destroy cancer cells’ ability to avoid radiation damage have concentrated on receptors on their surface, according to Dr. Shuyi Li, a molecular biologist, pediatrician, and corresponding author on the study published December 5, 2011, in the International Journal of Radiation Oncology.

To acquire a more direct hit, the scientists took advantage of folate receptors as a point of entry by chemically binding folate with the small piece of their antibody, ScFv 18-2. The package heads straight for the cell nucleus where a different chemical environment breaks the bond, freeing ScFv 18-2 to attack the regulatory region of DNA-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme essential to DNA repair. “We are joining a targeting molecule with a cargo,” said Dr. Dynan.

“This strategy targets one of the key enzymes so it’s harder to repair,” Dr. Li said. This makes cancer cells more vulnerable to radiation. Drs. Dynan and Li reported that the approach could be used to deliver any number of drugs directly inside cancer cells. Future research includes studying other cell entry points as well as other targets to ensure they have the most effective payload. Studies to date have been in human lung cancer cells in culture, therefore the next steps also need to include animal studies.
This approach mimics a natural process called endocytosis in which cells engulf proteins and other substances they want to let inside but cannot fit through normal doorways.

Folate receptors already are being used as direct entry points for chemotherapeutic drugs, including clinical studies of a new strategy for ovarian cancer. GHSU is participating in clinical trials of a therapy that combines an agent too toxic to be delivered through the bloodstream with folate to better target one of the most deadly cancers.

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