Scatter Radiation from Mammography Appears to Present No Cancer Risk

The findings suggest that the use of thyroid shields during mammography is unnecessary. “Thyroid shields can impede good mammographic quality and, therefore, are not recommended during mammography,” said Alison L. Chetlen, DO, assistant professor of radiology at Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center (USA).

Some X-rays scatter away from the primary beam during mammography screening in the breast and spread outward in different directions. Although this scatter radiation is much weaker than the primary beam, there has been concern that women exposed to it during mammography could face an increased risk of cancer, particularly in radiosensitive regions such as the thyroid gland.

To better understand the potential impact of scatter radiation, Dr. Chetlen and colleagues set out to measure the dose received by the thyroid gland, salivary gland, sternum, uterus, and the lens of the eye during screening digital mammography. Each of the 207 women in the study group wore six optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters--a device used to measure an absorbed dose of ionizing radiation--while undergoing two-view screening mammography.

Dosimeter analysis by a medical physicist immediately after the exam revealed that the doses to the various areas outside of the breast ranged from negligible to very low. The average estimated organ dose to the salivary gland was 0.05 mGy. The average estimated organ dose to the thyroid gland was 0.05 mGy. These doses are only a fraction of the radiation people are exposed to from natural background sources, such as cosmic radiation and radionuclides in the ground. Significantly, all areas except for the sternum received less than 2% of yearly background radiation dose.

Measured dose to the umbilicus and bridge of the eye was negligible, indicating no increased risk to the patient of cataracts or interference with normal embryonic development in early pregnancy. “The risk of cancer induction at these low levels is indistinguishable from background incidence of cancer due to other sources,” Dr. Chetlen said.

The findings are particularly important in light of a recent increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, one of the most radiosensitive of all cancers. The number of thyroid cancer diagnoses in women nearly doubled from 2000 to 2008, leading some to question that mammography screening may be a contributing factor and that women should wear lead thyroid shields during exams, a notion that Dr. Chetlen and other mammography specialists have greatly discourage.

Based on the extremely low scatter radiation dose to the thyroid--the same as just a few minutes of background radiation--thyroid shields are unnecessary during mammography. Furthermore, the researchers warn that use of thyroid shields could result in an increased radiation dose to patients. “A thyroid shield gets in the way of the exam and can actually cause an increase in radiation dose by necessitating repeat exams,” Dr. Chetlen said.

Dr. Chetlen also pointed out that the thyroid gland is far less radiosensitive after age 30. The American Cancer Society and other organizations recommend that women have mammography screening once every year, beginning at age 40. “In the age group eligible for screening, the thyroid gland is not very radiosensitive,” Dr. Chetlen said.

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Pennsylvania State Hershey Medical Center