Breast Cancer Risk Linked to Breast Density Alterations as Women Age

Breast density, as determined by mammography, has been known to be a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer. The American Cancer Society (ACS) considers women with very dense breasts to be at moderately increased risk of cancer, and recommends they talk to their physicians about adding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning to their annual mammograms.

“Women under age 50 are most at risk from density-associated breast cancer, and breast cancer in younger women is frequently of a more aggressive type, with larger tumors and a higher risk of recurrence,” said the study’s senior author, Nicholas Perry, MBBS, FRCS, FRCR, director of the London Breast Institute (London, UK).

Dr. Perry and colleagues, for the new study, compared breast density and cancer risk between younger and older women and analyzed how the risk relates to changes in breast density over time. The study group included 282 breast cancer cases and 317 healthy control study participants who underwent full-field digital mammography (FFDM), with breast density measured separately using an automated volumetric system.

“In general, we refer to breast density as being determined by mammographic appearance, and that has, by and large, in the past been done by visual estimation by the radiologist—in other words, subjective and qualitative,” Dr. Perry said. “The automated system we used in the study is an algorithm that can be automatically and easily applied to a digital mammogram, which allows an objective and, therefore, quantitative density measurement that is reproducible.”

Breast cancer patients showed higher mammographic density than healthy participants up to the age of 50. The healthy controls demonstrated a significant decline in density with age following a linear pattern, while there was considerably more variability in density regression among the breast cancer patients. “The results are interesting, because there would appear to be some form of different biological density mechanism for normal breasts compared to breasts with cancer, and this appears to be most obvious for younger women,” Dr. Perry said. “This is not likely to diminish the current ACS guidelines in any way, but it might add a new facet regarding the possibility of an early mammogram to establish an obvious risk factor, which may then lead to enhanced screening for those women with the densest breasts.”

Some women, for example, might undergo a modified exposure exam at age 35 to establish breast density levels, Dr. Perry noted. Those with denser breast tissue could then be followed more closely with mammography and additional imaging such as an MRI scan or ultrasound for earlier cancer detection and treatment.

“It has been estimated that about 40% of life years lost to breast cancer are from women under 50 diagnosed outside of screening programs,” Dr. Perry concluded. “In my practice, which is largely composed of urban professional women, 40% of cancers year to year are diagnosed in women under 50, and 10% in women younger than 40.”

Related Links:
London Breast Institute