Benefits Weighed of Targeted Clot Removal Based on Brain Status

The randomized, controlled trial known as Mechanical Retrieval and Recanalization of Stroke Clots Using Embolectomy (MR RESCUE) was funded by the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, MD, USA), and the findings were published online February 12, 2013, in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).

In patients with ischemic stroke (caused by a blockage in an artery), brain cells deprived of blood die within minutes to hours. Quickly opening the artery can stop brain cell death. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), an agent that dissolves clots has been shown to improve outcomes in these stroke patients. However, intravenous t-PA is not effective in many patients with large clots blocking the major brain arteries that cause the most damaging strokes. MR RESCUE scientists evaluated an invasive clot removal approach devised to remove clots from these large arteries. Patients in the study were enrolled at 22 centers in the United States within approximately 5.5 hours of their stroke onset. Their ability to function independently was assessed at 90 days.

All MR-RESCUE patients underwent emergency computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MRI) perfusion imaging to find the brain areas with decreased blood flow, as well as regions that could not be salvaged.

The investigators theorized that patients in whom the MRI scan suggested that less than 70% of the brain with decreased blood flow had already died would benefit from the clot-removal procedures. Based on the imaging findings, the 118 study patients were randomly assigned to receive a clot-removal procedure within eight hours of symptom onset (64 patients) or conventional therapy (54 patients) according to medical protocols. The procedure involves threading a customized catheter through an artery in the groin up to the site of a clot in a brain artery, then removing the blockage.

“Despite a lack of evidence showing that these clot-removal devices improve outcomes, they are already widely used in patients who are not able to get to the hospital in time to receive t-PA,” said Walter J. Koroshetz, MD, deputy director of NINDS. “Though some patients have had dramatic improvements with clot removal, it has not been shown effective in this or another larger study, the Interventional Management of Stroke [IMS III], which was halted early because it did not find the procedure to be of significant benefit.”

“The majority of patients were not eligible to receive intravenous t-PA, the only drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of stroke, because they arrived at the hospital too late for t-PA to be effective,” said one of the lead investigators, Chelsea Kidwell, MD, from Georgetown University Medical Center (Washington DC, USA).

The patients with the presumed optimistic imaging findings had the same level of disability at 90 days whether or not they had undergone the clot-removal procedure or had received standard therapy. The researchers hypothesized that the lack of a treatment effect may reflect the fact that these patients had enough blood flow to the brain from secondary sources to support the brain tissue until spontaneous reperfusion occurred. Patients without the favorable imaging findings did not benefit from the clot-removal procedure.

However, the MR RESCUE results were not consistent with the conclusions of a separate NINDS-funded observational study called DEFUSE-2 that suggested that a slightly different brain imaging approach could predict patients who benefited from the clot-removal procedure.

In addition to other imaging modalities, “it’s possible that newer intra-arterial devices that were not available when the study started could improve functional outcomes,” said Scott Janis, PhD, program director, NINDS. “But an important message from MR RESCUE is that those newer devices still need to go head to head with standard therapy.”

“Advances in neuroimaging are promising and may someday help to identify who will benefit from a device-based approach. But the MR RESCUE results show that more work needs to be done,” Dr. Koroshetz concluded.

Related Links:
US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Georgetown University Medical Center